. COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

This website compiled and researched entirely by Mark Teverson © 2013

One can envisage an energy landscape in these several hundred variables (Susskind 2003) or multiverses. Within this landscape there will be countless local minima, each corresponding to a possible quantum vacuum state, and each a possible low-energy physical world. One of the parameters determined by each local minimum is the value of that minimum itself, which receives a well-known interpretation in terms of Einstein’s cosmological constant, Λ.        DAVIES (2004)

                            Einstein’s original cosmological blunder  [79]

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Einstein,A.,“Zum kosmologischenProblem derallgemeinenRelativit ̈atstheorie”,Sitzungs- ber.Preuss.Akad.Wiss.,142,235–237,(1931)

Hubble, E.P., “A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,15, 168–173, (1929)

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LAMBDA – Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe  NASA  http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/current/

• AGUIRRE (2001) The Cold Big-Bang Cosmology as a Counter-example to Several Anthropic Arguments  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0106143v3.pdf
• ALBRECHT et al (2006) REPORT OF THE DARK ENERGY TASK FORCE.pdf  http://arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0609/0609591.pdf
• BANKS,T DINE,M. MOTL,L. (2000)  On Anthropic Solutions of the Cosmological Constant Problem  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0007206v1.pdf
• BARROW, SHAW (2011) A New Solution of the Cosmological Constant Problems  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1007.3086v3.pdf
• BARROW, SHAW (2011) The Value of the Cosmological Constant  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1105.3105v1.pdf
• BARROW & WEBB (2005) Inconstant constants (article) http://www.scienceandsociety.org/web/Library_files/Inconstant_Constants.pdf
• BLUDMAN,S. & ROOS,M. (2001) SMOOTH ENERGY: COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT OR QUINTESSENCE?  http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/547/1/77/pdf/0004-637X_547_1_77.pdf

• BOUSSO, POLCHINSKI (2000) Quantization of Four-form Fluxes and Dynamical Neutralization of the Cosmological Constant  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0004134.pdf
• BOUSSO, HARNIK, KRIBS, PEREZ (2012) Predicting the Cosmological Constant from the Causal Entropic Principle  http://dev.related-work.net/arxiv:hep-th_0702115
• CARROLL,S.M. (2001) The Cosmological Constant  http://www.emis.ams.org/journals/LRG/Articles/lrr-2001-1/download/lrr-2001-1Color.pdf
• CARROLL,S.M. (2004) Why is the Universe Accelerating?  http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/readings/carroll.pdf
• CASTRO, C. (2009) The cosmological constant and Pioneer anomaly from Weyl spacetimes and Mach’s principle  http://www.academia.edu/2968995/The_cosmological_constant_and_Pioneer_anomaly_from_Weyl_spacetimes_and_Machs_principle
• CHANG,S. KLEBAN,M. LEVI,T. (2007) When Worlds Collide  http://arxiv.org/pdf/0712.2261v1.pdf
• CIRKOVIC, M, Bostrom, N  Cosmological constant and the final anthropic hypothesis (1999)  http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/9906042
• CIRKOVIC, Milan  Cosmological constant and the final anthropic hypothesis (1999)   http://www.slideshare.net/UnitB166ER/cosmological-constant-and-the-final-anthropic-hypothesis-by-milan-cirkovic-an-nick-bostrom
• DINE, BANKS, MOTL (2000) On Anthropic Solutions of the Cosmological Constant Problem  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0007206.pdf
• DURRER, R. (1998) The Cosmological Constant and Galaxy Formation http://theory.physics.unige.ch/~durrer/papers/cosconstant.pdf
• DYSON,L KLEBAN,M. SUSSKIND,L. Disturbing Implications of a Cosmological Constant  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0208013v3.pdf
• EGAN,C. (2010) (Thesis) Dark Energy, Anthropic Selection Effects, Entropy and Life  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1005.0745v1.pdf
• EINSTEIN, A. (1916)
  

  Annalen der Physik, vol. 354, Issue 7, pp.769-822

  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19163540702/pdf

• EINSTEIN,A. (1931) Original, relating to cosmological constant paper  http://nausikaa2.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/toc/toc.x.cgi?dir=R583HGCS&step=thumb
• FREIVOGEL, SUSSKIND (2004) A Framework for the Landscape  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0408133v2.pdf
• Freivogel,B. Kleban,M. Martınez,M.and Leonard Susskind (2005)  Observational Consequences of a Landscape  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0505232v2.pdf
• GARRIGA, VILENKIN (2005)  Anthropic prediction for Lamda and the Q catastrophe  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0508005v1.pdf
• GARRIGA, J. VILENKIN, A. (2004) Testable anthropic predictions for dark energy http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0210358v3.pdf
• GARRIGA, J. VILENKIN, A. (2001) Solutions to the cosmological constant problems  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0011262v3.pdf
• GARRIGA, VILENKIN (2000) On likely values of the cosmological constant  http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v61/i8/e083502
• GARRIGA, VILENKIN (1998) Recycling Universe http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9707292v1.pdf
• GAUTASON, F. (2013) Cosmological Constant, Near Brane Behavior and Singularities  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.5647v1.pdf
• HARLOW, D. SUSSKIND, L. (2010) Crunches, Hats, and a Conjecture  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.5302v1.pdf
• HUBBLE, E.P.(1929), “A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,15, 168–173, (1929)  http://www.pnas.org/content/15/3/168.full.pdf+html
• KALLOSH, LINDE (2002) M-theory, Cosmological Constant and Anthropic Principle http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0208157v3.pdf
• KOMATSU et al (2010) SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP1) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1001.4538.pdf
• KRAUSS,L. (1998) THE END OF THE AGE PROBLEM, AND THE CASE FOR A COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT REVISITED  http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/501/2/461/pdf/0004-637X_501_2_461.pdf
• LARSEN,G. et al (2011) The Cosmological Constant in the Quantum Multiverse http://arxiv.org/pdf/1107.3556v3.pdf
• LeCLAIRE,A. BERNARD,D. (2013) Scrutinizing the Cosmological Constant Problem and a possible resolution  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.4848v3.pdf
• LEMAITRE,G. (1934) Evolution of the Expanding Universe http://www.pnas.org/content/20/1/12.full.pdf+html
• LINEWEAVER,C. & EGAN,C. (2007) The Cosmic Coincidence as a Temporal Selection Effect Produced by the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0703429v1.pdf
• MAIA, M. et al (2002) The accelerating universe in brane-world cosmology  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0208223v1.pdf
• MARTEL,H., SHAPIRO,P., WEINBERG,S. (1997) Likely Values for the Cosmological Constant  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9701099.pdf
• MARTIN, JEROME (2012) Everything You Always Wanted To Know About The Cosmological Constant Problem (But Were Afraid To Ask)  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.3365v1.pdf
• MERALI, Z. (2006) ‘Cyclic universe’ can explain cosmological constant (Article)  http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9114-cyclic-universe-can-explain-cosmological-constant.html#.UcD9tOtBFr0
• MULLER,D.  VITENTI,S.  (2006) About Starobinsky Inflation  http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0606018v2.pdf
• PAGE (2011) Ab Initio Estimates of the Size of the Observable Universe  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1108.0111.pdf
• PEEBLES, B. RATRA, B. (2003) The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0207347v2.pdf
• PROKOPEC,T. (2011) Cosmology with negative energy (COSMO 11 – slides)  http://www.astro.up.pt/investigacao/conferencias/cosmo11/DVD/talks/STR/pdf/T.Prokopec.pdf
• RUGH,S. ZINKERNAGEL,H (2001)  The Quantum Vacuum and the Cosmological Constant Problem   http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0012253v1.pdf
• SAHNI, STAROBINSKY (2000) The Case for a Positive Cosmological lamda-term  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9904398.pdf
• SANDVIK, BARROW, MAGUEIJO (2001) A simple varying-alpha cosmology http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0107512v3.pdf
• de SIMONE,  GUTH, A., SALEM, M., VILENKIN, A. (2008) Predicting the cosmological constant with the scale-factor cutoff measure  http://arxiv.org/pdf/0805.2173v1.pdf
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• SOLA, JOAN (2013) Cosmological constant and vacuum energy: old and new ideas  http://arxiv.org/pdf/1306.1527v1.pdf
• STEINHARDT, TUROK (2002) A Cyclic Model of the Universe  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0111030v2.pdf
• TUROK, N. HAWKING,S. (2008)? Open Inflation, the Four Form and the Cosmological Constant  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9803156v4.pdf
• VILENKIN, Alexander (2001) Cosmological constant problems and their solutions http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0106083v2.pdf
• VILENKIN, A. (2004) Anthropic predictions: the case of the cosmological constant  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0407586v1.pdf
• VILENKIN, Alexander (2006) On cosmic natural selection  http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0610051v2.pdf
• WEINBERG, S. (1989) The Cosmological Constant Problem  Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 1–23 (1989)  http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v61/i1/p1_1
• WEINBERG, S. (2000) The Cosmological Constant Problems  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0005265v1.pdf
• WEINBERG, S. (2001) A Priori Probability Distribution of the Cosmological Constant  http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0002387v1.pdf
• ZELDOVICH, Y. (1967) Cosmological Constant and Elementary Particles http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1673/article_25521.pdf

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At one time the extreme flatness (Omega = 1) required at early epochs in order that the universe be even approximately flat now might have been regarded as fine tuning. But its very fineness spoke of a mechanistic explanation, such as is provided by inflation theory. It is possible that a mechanistic explanation may ultimately be forthcoming for the apparent extreme tuning of the cosmological constant, Lamda, although a revolution in fundamental physics is probably required to achieve it, Albrecht et al (2006). Alternatively, the fine tuning of Lamda may be an observer selection effect, Martel et al (1997), Weinberg (2005), Lineweaver (2007), Egan (2010).  BRADFORD (2010)